I think this is interesting.... from SGH... now i know exactly how rice ends up in my nose when i cough.....

As a food channel, the pharynx plays an important part in the beginning of swallowing.
1) As a food bolus is pushed back by the tongue into the pharynx,

2) the nose chamber is sealed by the soft palate so that food does not enter the nose.

3) The pharynx then squeezes the bolus down by muscular contraction.

4)As the bolus passes the voice box, the vocal cords close to prevent choking.

5) At the precise moment when food reaches the opening of the oesophagus, the oesophagus opens and the food is passed down into the stomach.

All these actions take place in split seconds. Swallowing is finely controlled by the brain which receives its message from sensory nerves in the pharynx. The brain then directs the soft palate to seal off the nose, the pharynx to contract, the vocal cord to close and the oesophagus to open.

-Failure of the tongue to push the food bolus back means that swallowing cannot be initiated.
-Failure to seal the nose chamber allows food to go into the nose.
-Failure of the pharyngeal muscles to contract results in difficulty in swallowing.
-Failure of the upper oesophagus to open at all or to open at the wrong time causes difficulty in swallowing and choking.
-Failure of the lower esophagus to prevent stomach contents from reaching the pharynx causes reflux
-Failure of the vocal cords to close at the right time causes choking.

There is suffering, dukkha. Dukkha should be understood. Dukkha has been understood

There is the origin of suffering, which is attachment to desire. Desire should be let go of. Desire has been let go of.

There is the cessation of suffering, of dukkha. The cessation of dukkha should be realised. The cessation of dukkha has been realised.

There is the Eightfold Path- the way out of suffering. This path should be developed. The final insight into arahantship is:‘This path has been fully developed.’



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